简介

LFS是Linux From Scratch的简称，LFS 存在的一个重要原因是可以帮助人们学习 linux 系统内部是如何工作的。构建一个 LFS 系统会帮助演示是什么使 linux 运转，各种组件如何在一起互相依赖的工作。最好的事情之一通过这种学习可以获得完全根据自己的需求定制 linux 系统的能力。

LFS 的一个关键的好处是它让用户对于系统有更多的控制，而不是依赖于他人的 linux 实现。在 LFS 的世界里，你自己坐在司机的位置，掌控系统的每一个细节，比如目录布局和启动脚本配置等等。你也能掌控在哪里、为何、以及怎样安装每一个程序。有关LFS相关的资料可以去这个链接中查找：http://www.linuxfromscratch.org

环境配置

项目	软件	CPU	内存	硬盘	网络	备注
虚拟机软件	VirtualBox7.1.6	2	4	50+20	NAT	映射端口访问
宿主机	Windows11	i3-9100	16	1T
虚拟机系统	Debian12					最小化安装

虚拟机 50G 硬盘为 Debian12 的硬盘，20G硬盘为 LFS 的目标硬盘

虚拟的现实 > 4014-LFS 自定义 Linux（上） > image-2025-5-6_9-26-58.png

参照 https://wiki.waringid.me/x/PgAS 完成 Debian 系统安装和镜像源配置
将新建用户 lf 加入 sudo 组。usermod -aG sudo lf
安装基础的开发组件
检查相关组件是否符合 LFS 项目的要求

sudo apt install -y build-essential vim
sudo apt install -y autoconf automake gdb libffi-dev zlib1g-dev libssl-dev git wget

cat > version-check.sh << "EOF"
#!/bin/bash
# A script to list version numbers of critical development tools

# If you have tools installed in other directories, adjust PATH here AND
# in ~lfs/.bashrc (section 4.4) as well.

LC_ALL=C 
PATH=/usr/bin:/bin

bail() { echo "FATAL: $1"; exit 1; }
grep --version > /dev/null 2> /dev/null || bail "grep does not work"
sed '' /dev/null || bail "sed does not work"
sort   /dev/null || bail "sort does not work"

ver_check()
{
   if ! type -p $2 &>/dev/null
   then 
     echo "ERROR: Cannot find $2 ($1)"; return 1; 
   fi
   v=$($2 --version 2>&1 | grep -E -o '[0-9]+\.[0-9\.]+[a-z]*' | head -n1)
   if printf '%s\n' $3 $v | sort --version-sort --check &>/dev/null
   then 
     printf "OK:    %-9s %-6s >= $3\n" "$1" "$v"; return 0;
   else 
     printf "ERROR: %-9s is TOO OLD ($3 or later required)\n" "$1"; 
     return 1; 
   fi
}

ver_kernel()
{
   kver=$(uname -r | grep -E -o '^[0-9\.]+')
   if printf '%s\n' $1 $kver | sort --version-sort --check &>/dev/null
   then 
     printf "OK:    Linux Kernel $kver >= $1\n"; return 0;
   else 
     printf "ERROR: Linux Kernel ($kver) is TOO OLD ($1 or later required)\n" "$kver"; 
     return 1; 
   fi
}

# Coreutils first because --version-sort needs Coreutils >= 7.0
ver_check Coreutils      sort     8.1 || bail "Coreutils too old, stop"
ver_check Bash           bash     3.2
ver_check Binutils       ld       2.13.1
ver_check Bison          bison    2.7
ver_check Diffutils      diff     2.8.1
ver_check Findutils      find     4.2.31
ver_check Gawk           gawk     4.0.1
ver_check GCC            gcc      5.2
ver_check "GCC (C++)"    g++      5.2
ver_check Grep           grep     2.5.1a
ver_check Gzip           gzip     1.3.12
ver_check M4             m4       1.4.10
ver_check Make           make     4.0
ver_check Patch          patch    2.5.4
ver_check Perl           perl     5.8.8
ver_check Python         python3  3.4
ver_check Sed            sed      4.1.5
ver_check Tar            tar      1.22
ver_check Texinfo        texi2any 5.0
ver_check Xz             xz       5.0.0
ver_kernel 5.4 

if mount | grep -q 'devpts on /dev/pts' && [ -e /dev/ptmx ]
then echo "OK:    Linux Kernel supports UNIX 98 PTY";
else echo "ERROR: Linux Kernel does NOT support UNIX 98 PTY"; fi

alias_check() {
   if $1 --version 2>&1 | grep -qi $2
   then printf "OK:    %-4s is $2\n" "$1";
   else printf "ERROR: %-4s is NOT $2\n" "$1"; fi
}
echo "Aliases:"
alias_check awk GNU
alias_check yacc Bison
alias_check sh Bash

echo "Compiler check:"
if printf "int main(){}" | g++ -x c++ -
then echo "OK:    g++ works";
else echo "ERROR: g++ does NOT work"; fi
rm -f a.out

if [ "$(nproc)" = "" ]; then
   echo "ERROR: nproc is not available or it produces empty output"
else
   echo "OK: nproc reports $(nproc) logical cores are available"
fi
EOF

sudo bash version-check.sh

针对上述检查结果补齐没有安装的组件

sudo apt install bison gawk texinfo

磁盘分区及格式

20G 为 LFS 的目标磁盘，共分3个区

sdb1 规划 300M ，目标格式 ext2 用于挂载启动分区 /boot
sdb2 规划 1G，用作交换分区
sdb3 规划剩余的空间，分区格式：ext4，挂载根分区

虚拟的现实 > 4014-LFS 自定义 Linux（上） > image-2025-5-6_10-0-36.png

sudo mkfs -v -t ext2 /dev/sdb1
sudo mkswap /dev/sdb2
sudo mkfs -v -t ext4 /dev/sdb3

下载软件包

创建软件包的存储目录
下载对应的软件包
1. 软件包的下载地址文件 https://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/view/stable/wget-list-sysv
2. 软件包的 md5 校验文件 https://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/view/stable/md5sums
3. 如果存在无法下载的软件包可以参考国内镜像网站 https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/lfs/lfs-packages/12.3/
验证软件包的 md5 值，确保软件包数量一致

export LFS=/mnt/lfs
echo $LFS
sudo mkdir -pv $LFS
sudo mount -v -t ext4 /dev/sdb3 $LFS
sudo chown root:root $LFS
sudo chmod 755 $LFS
wget https://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/view/stable/wget-list-sysv
wget https://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/view/stable/md5sums
sudo mv md5sums $LFS/sources/
vim wget-list-sysv 
sudo mkdir -pv $LFS/sources
sudo chmod -v a+wt $LFS/sources/
sudo wget --input-file=wget-list-sysv --continue --directory-prefix=$LFS/sources/
pushd $LFS/sources/
sudo md5sum -c md5sums
popd

创建文件目录布局

以下操作通过 root 用户操作

mkdir -pv $LFS/{etc,var} $LFS/usr/{bin,lib,sbin}

for i in bin lib sbin; do
  ln -sv usr/$i $LFS/$i
done

case $(uname -m) in
  x86_64) mkdir -pv $LFS/lib64 ;;
esac

mkdir -pv $LFS/tools

添加 LFS 用户并配置用户环境

groupadd lfs
useradd -s /bin/bash -g lfs -m -k /dev/null lfs
passwd lfs
chown -v lfs $LFS/{usr{,/*},var,etc,tools}
case $(uname -m) in
  x86_64) chown -v lfs $LFS/lib64 ;;
esac

su - lfs

cat > ~/.bash_profile << "EOF"
exec env -i HOME=$HOME TERM=$TERM PS1='\u:\w\$ ' /bin/bash
EOF

cat > ~/.bashrc << "EOF"
set +h
umask 022
LFS=/mnt/lfs
LC_ALL=POSIX
LFS_TGT=$(uname -m)-lfs-linux-gnu
PATH=/usr/bin
if [ ! -L /bin ]; then PATH=/bin:$PATH; fi
PATH=$LFS/tools/bin:$PATH
CONFIG_SITE=$LFS/usr/share/config.site
export LFS LC_ALL LFS_TGT PATH CONFIG_SITE
EOF

source ~/.bash_profile

虚拟的现实 > 4014-LFS 自定义 Linux（上） > image-2025-5-6_11-11-27.png

LFS_TGT=$(uname -m)-lfs-linux-gnu。LFS_TGT变量设定了一个非默认，但与宿主系统兼容的机器描述符。该描述符被用于构建交叉编译器和交叉编译临时工具链。
set +h。set +h 命令关闭 bash 的散列功能。一般情况下，散列是很有用的 —— bash 使用一个散列表维护各个可执行文件的完整路径，这样就不用每次都在 PATH 指定的目录中搜索可执行文件。然而，在构建 LFS 时，我们希望总是使用最新安装的工具。关闭散列功能强制 shell 在运行程序时总是搜索 PATH。这样，一旦$LFS/tools/bin 中有新的工具可用，shell 就能够找到它们，而不是使用之前记忆在散列表中，由宿主发行版提供的 /usr/bin 或 /bin 中的工具。
将 umask 设定为 022，保证只有文件所有者可以写新创建的文件和目录，但任何人都可读取或搜索 (仅针对目录) 它们

编译交叉工具链

构建临时编译环境前需要确认 LFS 环境变量是否配置正确，并确保使用 lfs 用户登入且已经进入 sources 目录

su - lfs
export LFS=/mnt/lfs
echo $LFS
cd $LFS/sources/
mkdir -v build

Binutils-2.44 第一遍

tar Jxvf binutils-2.44.tar.xz
cd $LFS/sources/build
..//binutils-2.44/configure --prefix=$LFS/tools \
             --with-sysroot=$LFS \
             --target=$LFS_TGT   \
             --disable-nls       \
             --enable-gprofng=no \
             --disable-werror    \
             --enable-new-dtags  \
             --enable-default-hash-style=gnu
make
make install

GCC-14.2.0 第一遍

tar Jxvf gcc-14.2.0.tar.xz
cd gcc-14.2.0
tar -xf ../mpfr-4.2.1.tar.xz
mv -v mpfr-4.2.1 mpfr
tar -xf ../gmp-6.3.0.tar.xz
mv -v gmp-6.3.0 gmp
tar -xf ../mpc-1.3.1.tar.gz
mv -v mpc-1.3.1 mpc
case $(uname -m) in
  x86_64)
    sed -e '/m64=/s/lib64/lib/' \
        -i.orig gcc/config/i386/t-linux64
 ;;
esac

mkdir -v build
cd       build
../configure                  \
    --target=$LFS_TGT         \
    --prefix=$LFS/tools       \
    --with-glibc-version=2.41 \
    --with-sysroot=$LFS       \
    --with-newlib             \
    --without-headers         \
    --enable-default-pie      \
    --enable-default-ssp      \
    --disable-nls             \
    --disable-shared          \
    --disable-multilib        \
    --disable-threads         \
    --disable-libatomic       \
    --disable-libgomp         \
    --disable-libquadmath     \
    --disable-libssp          \
    --disable-libvtv          \
    --disable-libstdcxx       \
    --enable-languages=c,c++
make
make install
cd ..
cat gcc/limitx.h gcc/glimits.h gcc/limity.h > \
  `dirname $($LFS_TGT-gcc -print-libgcc-file-name)`/include/limits.h

Linux-6.13.4 API 头文件

tar xf linux-6.13.4.tar.xz 
cd linux-6.13.4
make mrproper
make headers
find usr/include -type f ! -name '*.h' -delete
cp -rv usr/include $LFS/usr

Glibc-2.41

tar xf glibc-2.41.tar.xz 
cd glibc-2.41
case $(uname -m) in
    i?86)   ln -sfv ld-linux.so.2 $LFS/lib/ld-lsb.so.3
    ;;
    x86_64) ln -sfv ../lib/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 $LFS/lib64
            ln -sfv ../lib/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 $LFS/lib64/ld-lsb-x86-64.so.3
    ;;
esac

patch -Np1 -i ../glibc-2.41-fhs-1.patch
mkdir -v build
cd       build
echo "rootsbindir=/usr/sbin" > configparms
../configure                             \
      --prefix=/usr                      \
      --host=$LFS_TGT                    \
      --build=$(../scripts/config.guess) \
      --enable-kernel=5.4                \
      --with-headers=$LFS/usr/include    \
      --disable-nscd                     \
      libc_cv_slibdir=/usr/lib
make
make DESTDIR=$LFS install
sed '/RTLDLIST=/s@/usr@@g' -i $LFS/usr/bin/ldd
echo 'int main(){}' | $LFS_TGT-gcc -xc -
readelf -l a.out | grep ld-linux
rm -v a.out

如果一切正常，那么应该没有错误消息，而且最后一行命令应该输出下列格式的内容：

[Requesting program interpreter: /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2]

虚拟的现实 > 4014-LFS 自定义 Linux（上） > image-2025-5-6_12-46-47.png

GCC-14.2.0 中的 Libstdc++

Libstdc++ 是 C++ 标准库。我们需要它才能编译 C++ 代码 (GCC 的一部分用 C++ 编写)。但在构建第一遍的 GCC时我们不得不暂缓安装它，因为 Libstdc++ 依赖于当时还没有安装到目标目录的 Glibc。

cd gcc-14.2.0
cd build
../libstdc++-v3/configure           \
    --host=$LFS_TGT                 \
    --build=$(../config.guess)      \
    --prefix=/usr                   \
    --disable-multilib              \
    --disable-nls                   \
    --disable-libstdcxx-pch         \
    --with-gxx-include-dir=/tools/$LFS_TGT/include/c++/14.2.0
make
make DESTDIR=$LFS install
rm -v $LFS/usr/lib/lib{stdc++{,exp,fs},supc++}.la

交叉编译临时工具

使用刚刚构建的交叉工具链对基本工具进行交叉编译。这些工具会被安装到它们的最终位置，但现在还无法使用。基本操作仍然依赖宿主系统的工具。尽管如此，在链接时会使用刚刚安装的库。

M4-1.4.19

tar xvf m4-1.4.19.tar.xz 
cd m4-1.4.19
./configure --prefix=/usr   \
            --host=$LFS_TGT \
            --build=$(build-aux/config.guess)
make
make DESTDIR=$LFS install

Ncurses-6.5

tar xf ncurses-6.5.tar.gz
cd ncurses-6.5
mkdir build
pushd build
  ../configure AWK=gawk
  make -C include
  make -C progs tic
popd
./configure --prefix=/usr                \
            --host=$LFS_TGT              \
            --build=$(./config.guess)    \
            --mandir=/usr/share/man      \
            --with-manpage-format=normal \
            --with-shared                \
            --without-normal             \
            --with-cxx-shared            \
            --without-debug              \
            --without-ada                \
            --disable-stripping          \
            AWK=gawk
make
make DESTDIR=$LFS TIC_PATH=$(pwd)/build/progs/tic install
ln -sv libncursesw.so $LFS/usr/lib/libncurses.so
sed -e 's/^#if.*XOPEN.*$/#if 1/' \
    -i $LFS/usr/include/curses.h

Bash-5.2.37

tar xvf bash-5.2.37.tar.gz
cd bash-5.2.37
./configure --prefix=/usr                      \
            --build=$(sh support/config.guess) \
            --host=$LFS_TGT                    \
            --without-bash-malloc
make
make DESTDIR=$LFS install
ln -sv bash $LFS/bin/sh

Coreutils-9.6

tar xvf coreutils-9.6.tar.xz
cd coreutils-9.6
./configure --prefix=/usr                     \
            --host=$LFS_TGT                   \
            --build=$(build-aux/config.guess) \
            --enable-install-program=hostname \
            --enable-no-install-program=kill,uptime
make
make DESTDIR=$LFS install
mv -v $LFS/usr/bin/chroot              $LFS/usr/sbin
mkdir -pv $LFS/usr/share/man/man8
mv -v $LFS/usr/share/man/man1/chroot.1 $LFS/usr/share/man/man8/chroot.8
sed -i 's/"1"/"8"/'                    $LFS/usr/share/man/man8/chroot.8

Diffutils-3.11

tar xvf diffutils-3.11.tar.xz
cd diffutils-3.11
./configure --prefix=/usr   \
            --host=$LFS_TGT \
            --build=$(./build-aux/config.guess)
make
make DESTDIR=$LFS install

File-5.46

tar xvf file-5.46.tar.gz
cd file-5.46
mkdir build
pushd build
  ../configure --disable-bzlib      \
               --disable-libseccomp \
               --disable-xzlib      \
               --disable-zlib
  make
popd
./configure --prefix=/usr --host=$LFS_TGT --build=$(./config.guess)
make FILE_COMPILE=$(pwd)/build/src/file
make DESTDIR=$LFS install
rm -v $LFS/usr/lib/libmagic.la

Findutils-4.10.0

tar xvf findutils-4.10.0.tar.xz
cd findutils-4.10.0
./configure --prefix=/usr                   \
            --localstatedir=/var/lib/locate \
            --host=$LFS_TGT                 \
            --build=$(build-aux/config.guess)
make
make DESTDIR=$LFS install

Gawk-5.3.1

tar xvf gawk-5.3.1.tar.xz
cd gawk-5.3.1
sed -i 's/extras//' Makefile.in
./configure --prefix=/usr   \
            --host=$LFS_TGT \
            --build=$(build-aux/config.guess)
make
make DESTDIR=$LFS install

Grep-3.11

tar xvf grep-3.11.tar.xz 
cd grep-3.11
./configure --prefix=/usr   \
            --host=$LFS_TGT \
            --build=$(./build-aux/config.guess)
make
make DESTDIR=$LFS install

Gzip-1.13

tar xvf gzip-1.13.tar.xz
cd gzip-1.13
./configure --prefix=/usr --host=$LFS_TGT
make
make DESTDIR=$LFS install

Make-4.4.1

tar xvf make-4.4.1.tar.gz
cd make-4.4.1
./configure --prefix=/usr   \
            --without-guile \
            --host=$LFS_TGT \
            --build=$(build-aux/config.guess)
make
make DESTDIR=$LFS install

Patch-2.7.6

tar xvf patch-2.7.6.tar.xz
cd patch-2.7.6
./configure --prefix=/usr   \
            --host=$LFS_TGT \
            --build=$(build-aux/config.guess)
make
make DESTDIR=$LFS install

Sed-4.9

tar xvf sed-4.9.tar.xz
cd sed-4.9
./configure --prefix=/usr   \
            --host=$LFS_TGT \
            --build=$(./build-aux/config.guess)
make
make DESTDIR=$LFS install

Tar-1.35

tar xvf tar-1.35.tar.xz
cd Tar-1.35
./configure --prefix=/usr                     \
            --host=$LFS_TGT                   \
            --build=$(build-aux/config.guess)
make
make DESTDIR=$LFS install

Xz-5.6.4

tar xvf xz-5.6.4.tar.xz
cd Xz-5.6.4
./configure --prefix=/usr                     \
            --host=$LFS_TGT                   \
            --build=$(build-aux/config.guess) \
            --disable-static                  \
            --docdir=/usr/share/doc/xz-5.6.4
make
make DESTDIR=$LFS install
rm -v $LFS/usr/lib/liblzma.la

Binutils-2.44 - 第二遍

tar Jxvf binutils-2.44.tar.xz
cd binutils-2.44
sed '6031s/$add_dir//' -i ltmain.sh
mkdir -v build
cd  build
../configure                   \
    --prefix=/usr              \
    --build=$(../config.guess) \
    --host=$LFS_TGT            \
    --disable-nls              \
    --enable-shared            \
    --enable-gprofng=no        \
    --disable-werror           \
    --enable-64-bit-bfd        \
    --enable-new-dtags         \
    --enable-default-hash-style=gnu
make
make DESTDIR=$LFS install
rm -v $LFS/usr/lib/lib{bfd,ctf,ctf-nobfd,opcodes,sframe}.{a,la}

GCC-14.2.0 - 第二遍

tar xvf gcc-14.2.0.tar.xz
cd gcc-14.2.0
tar -xf ../mpfr-4.2.1.tar.xz
mv -v mpfr-4.2.1 mpfr
tar -xf ../gmp-6.3.0.tar.xz
mv -v gmp-6.3.0 gmp
tar -xf ../mpc-1.3.1.tar.gz
mv -v mpc-1.3.1 mpc

case $(uname -m) in
  x86_64)
    sed -e '/m64=/s/lib64/lib/' \
        -i.orig gcc/config/i386/t-linux64
  ;;
esac

sed '/thread_header =/s/@.*@/gthr-posix.h/' \
    -i libgcc/Makefile.in libstdc++-v3/include/Makefile.in

mkdir -v build
cd  build
../configure                                       \
    --build=$(../config.guess)                     \
    --host=$LFS_TGT                                \
    --target=$LFS_TGT                              \
    LDFLAGS_FOR_TARGET=-L$PWD/$LFS_TGT/libgcc      \
    --prefix=/usr                                  \
    --with-build-sysroot=$LFS                      \
    --enable-default-pie                           \
    --enable-default-ssp                           \
    --disable-nls                                  \
    --disable-multilib                             \
    --disable-libatomic                            \
    --disable-libgomp                              \
    --disable-libquadmath                          \
    --disable-libsanitizer                         \
    --disable-libssp                               \
    --disable-libvtv                               \
    --enable-languages=c,c++
make
make DESTDIR=$LFS install
ln -sv gcc $LFS/usr/bin/cc

进入 Chroot 并构建其他临时工具

由于已经解决了所有循环依赖问题，现在即可使用“chroot”环境进行构建，它与宿主系统 (除正在运行的内核外) 完全隔离。所有命令必须以 root 用户身份执行，且 LFS 变量必须正确设定。在进入 chroot 之后，仍然以 root 身份执行所有命令。

改变所有者

目前，$LFS 中整个目录树的所有者都是 lfs，这个用户只在宿主系统存在。如果不改变 $LFS 中文件和目录的所有权，它们会被一个没有对应账户的用户 ID 所有。这是危险的，因为后续创建的新用户可能获得这个用户 ID，并成为 $LFS 中全部文件的所有者，从而产生恶意操作这些文件的可能。

export LFS=/mnt/lfs
echo $LFS
chown --from lfs -R root:root $LFS/{usr,lib,var,etc,bin,sbin,tools}
case $(uname -m) in
  x86_64) chown --from lfs -R root:root $LFS/lib64 ;;
esac

准备虚拟内核文件系统

mkdir -pv $LFS/{dev,proc,sys,run}
mount -v --bind /dev $LFS/dev
mount -vt devpts devpts -o gid=5,mode=0620 $LFS/dev/pts
mount -vt proc proc $LFS/proc
mount -vt sysfs sysfs $LFS/sys
mount -vt tmpfs tmpfs $LFS/run

if [ -h $LFS/dev/shm ]; then
  install -v -d -m 1777 $LFS$(realpath /dev/shm)
else
  mount -vt tmpfs -o nosuid,nodev tmpfs $LFS/dev/shm
fi

进入 chroot 环境

chroot "$LFS" /usr/bin/env -i   \
    HOME=/root                  \
    TERM="$TERM"                \
    PS1='(lfs chroot) \u:\w\$ ' \
    PATH=/usr/bin:/usr/sbin     \
    MAKEFLAGS="-j$(nproc)"      \
    TESTSUITEFLAGS="-j$(nproc)" \
    /bin/bash --login

注意 bash 的提示符会包含 I have no name!。这是正常的，因为现在还没有创建 /etc/passwd 文件。

创建目录和相关文件

mkdir -pv /{boot,home,mnt,opt,srv}
mkdir -pv /etc/{opt,sysconfig}
mkdir -pv /lib/firmware
mkdir -pv /media/{floppy,cdrom}
mkdir -pv /usr/{,local/}{include,src}
mkdir -pv /usr/lib/locale
mkdir -pv /usr/local/{bin,lib,sbin}
mkdir -pv /usr/{,local/}share/{color,dict,doc,info,locale,man}
mkdir -pv /usr/{,local/}share/{misc,terminfo,zoneinfo}
mkdir -pv /usr/{,local/}share/man/man{1..8}
mkdir -pv /var/{cache,local,log,mail,opt,spool}
mkdir -pv /var/lib/{color,misc,locate}

ln -sfv /run /var/run
ln -sfv /run/lock /var/lock

install -dv -m 0750 /root
install -dv -m 1777 /tmp /var/tmp

ln -sv /proc/self/mounts /etc/mtab
cat > /etc/hosts << EOF
127.0.0.1  localhost $(hostname)
::1        localhost
EOF

cat > /etc/passwd << "EOF"
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
bin:x:1:1:bin:/dev/null:/usr/bin/false
daemon:x:6:6:Daemon User:/dev/null:/usr/bin/false
messagebus:x:18:18:D-Bus Message Daemon User:/run/dbus:/usr/bin/false
uuidd:x:80:80:UUID Generation Daemon User:/dev/null:/usr/bin/false
nobody:x:65534:65534:Unprivileged User:/dev/null:/usr/bin/false
EOF

cat > /etc/group << "EOF"
root:x:0:
bin:x:1:daemon
sys:x:2:
kmem:x:3:
tape:x:4:
tty:x:5:
daemon:x:6:
floppy:x:7:
disk:x:8:
lp:x:9:
dialout:x:10:
audio:x:11:
video:x:12:
utmp:x:13:
cdrom:x:15:
adm:x:16:
messagebus:x:18:
input:x:24:
mail:x:34:
kvm:x:61:
uuidd:x:80:
wheel:x:97:
users:x:999:
nogroup:x:65534:
EOF

echo "tester:x:101:101::/home/tester:/bin/bash" >> /etc/passwd
echo "tester:x:101:" >> /etc/group
install -o tester -d /home/tester
exec /usr/bin/bash --login
touch /var/log/{btmp,lastlog,faillog,wtmp}
chgrp -v utmp /var/log/lastlog
chmod -v 664  /var/log/lastlog
chmod -v 600  /var/log/btmp

Gettext-0.24

cd sources
tar xvf gettext-0.24.tar.xz
cd gettext-0.24
./configure --disable-shared
make
cp -v gettext-tools/src/{msgfmt,msgmerge,xgettext} /usr/bin

Bison-3.8.2

tar xvf bison-3.8.2.tar.xz
cd bison-3.8.2
./configure --prefix=/usr \
            --docdir=/usr/share/doc/bison-3.8.2
make 
make install

Perl-5.40.1

tar xvf perl-5.40.1.tar.xz
cd perl-5.40.1
sh Configure -des                                         \
             -D prefix=/usr                               \
             -D vendorprefix=/usr                         \
             -D useshrplib                                \
             -D privlib=/usr/lib/perl5/5.40/core_perl     \
             -D archlib=/usr/lib/perl5/5.40/core_perl     \
             -D sitelib=/usr/lib/perl5/5.40/site_perl     \
             -D sitearch=/usr/lib/perl5/5.40/site_perl    \
             -D vendorlib=/usr/lib/perl5/5.40/vendor_perl \
             -D vendorarch=/usr/lib/perl5/5.40/vendor_perl
make
make install

Python-3.13.2

tar xvf Python-3.13.2.tar.xz
cd Python-3.13.2
./configure --prefix=/usr   \
            --enable-shared \
            --without-ensurepip
make
make install

Texinfo-7.2

tar xvf texinfo-7.2.tar.xz
cd texinfo-7.2
./configure --prefix=/usr
make
make install

Util-linux-2.40.4

tar xvf util-linux-2.40.4.tar.xz
cd util-linux-2.40.4
mkdir -pv /var/lib/hwclock
./configure --libdir=/usr/lib     \
            --runstatedir=/run    \
            --disable-chfn-chsh   \
            --disable-login       \
            --disable-nologin     \
            --disable-su          \
            --disable-setpriv     \
            --disable-runuser     \
            --disable-pylibmount  \
            --disable-static      \
            --disable-liblastlog2 \
            --without-python      \
            ADJTIME_PATH=/var/lib/hwclock/adjtime \
            --docdir=/usr/share/doc/util-linux-2.40.4
make
make install

清理和备份临时系统

清理

rm -rf /usr/share/{info,man,doc}/*
find /usr/{lib,libexec} -name \*.la -delete
rm -rf /tools

备份

备份操作需要离开 chroot 环境

exit
mountpoint -q $LFS/dev/shm && umount $LFS/dev/shm
umount $LFS/dev/pts
umount $LFS/{sys,proc,run,dev}
cd $LFS
tar -cJpf $HOME/lfs-temp-tools-12.3.tar.xz .

恢复备份

cd $LFS
rm -rf ./*
tar -xpf $HOME/lfs-temp-tools-12.3.tar.xz

如果在进行备份或从备份进行恢复时退出了 chroot 环境，记得检查内核虚拟文件系统是否仍然处于挂载状态 (可以使用 findmnt | grep $LFS 进行检查)。如果它们尚未挂载，需要按照 “4.2准备虚拟内核文件系统”的描述重新挂载内核虚拟文件系统，并重新进入 chroot 环境，再继续进行构建。

虚拟的现实 > 4014-LFS 自定义 Linux（上） > image-2025-5-6_17-7-13.png

构建 LFS 系统

Man-pages-6.12

tar xvf man-pages-6.12.tar.xz
cd man-pages-6.12
rm -v man3/crypt*
make -R GIT=false prefix=/usr install

Iana-Etc-20250123

tar xvf iana-etc-20250123.tar.gz
cd iana-etc-20250123
cp services protocols /etc

Glibc-2.41

tar xvf glibc-2.41.tar.xz
cd glibc-2.41
patch -Np1 -i ../glibc-2.41-fhs-1.patch
mkdir -v build
cd       build
echo "rootsbindir=/usr/sbin" > configparms
../configure --prefix=/usr                            \
             --disable-werror                         \
             --enable-kernel=5.4                      \
             --enable-stack-protector=strong          \
             --disable-nscd                           \
             libc_cv_slibdir=/usr/lib
make
make check
sed '/test-installation/s@$(PERL)@echo not running@' -i ../Makefile
make install
sed '/RTLDLIST=/s@/usr@@g' -i /usr/bin/ldd
localedef -i C -f UTF-8 C.UTF-8
localedef -i cs_CZ -f UTF-8 cs_CZ.UTF-8
localedef -i de_DE -f ISO-8859-1 de_DE
localedef -i de_DE@euro -f ISO-8859-15 de_DE@euro
localedef -i de_DE -f UTF-8 de_DE.UTF-8
localedef -i el_GR -f ISO-8859-7 el_GR
localedef -i en_GB -f ISO-8859-1 en_GB
localedef -i en_GB -f UTF-8 en_GB.UTF-8
localedef -i en_HK -f ISO-8859-1 en_HK
localedef -i en_PH -f ISO-8859-1 en_PH
localedef -i en_US -f ISO-8859-1 en_US
localedef -i en_US -f UTF-8 en_US.UTF-8
localedef -i es_ES -f ISO-8859-15 es_ES@euro
localedef -i es_MX -f ISO-8859-1 es_MX
localedef -i fa_IR -f UTF-8 fa_IR
localedef -i fr_FR -f ISO-8859-1 fr_FR
localedef -i fr_FR@euro -f ISO-8859-15 fr_FR@euro
localedef -i fr_FR -f UTF-8 fr_FR.UTF-8
localedef -i is_IS -f ISO-8859-1 is_IS
localedef -i is_IS -f UTF-8 is_IS.UTF-8
localedef -i it_IT -f ISO-8859-1 it_IT
localedef -i it_IT -f ISO-8859-15 it_IT@euro
localedef -i it_IT -f UTF-8 it_IT.UTF-8
localedef -i ja_JP -f EUC-JP ja_JP
localedef -i ja_JP -f SHIFT_JIS ja_JP.SJIS 2> /dev/null || true
localedef -i ja_JP -f UTF-8 ja_JP.UTF-8
localedef -i nl_NL@euro -f ISO-8859-15 nl_NL@euro
localedef -i ru_RU -f KOI8-R ru_RU.KOI8-R
localedef -i ru_RU -f UTF-8 ru_RU.UTF-8
localedef -i se_NO -f UTF-8 se_NO.UTF-8
localedef -i ta_IN -f UTF-8 ta_IN.UTF-8
localedef -i tr_TR -f UTF-8 tr_TR.UTF-8
localedef -i zh_CN -f GB18030 zh_CN.GB18030
localedef -i zh_HK -f BIG5-HKSCS zh_HK.BIG5-HKSCS
localedef -i zh_TW -f UTF-8 zh_TW.UTF-8

cat > /etc/nsswitch.conf << "EOF"
# Begin /etc/nsswitch.conf

passwd: files
group: files
shadow: files

hosts: files dns
networks: files

protocols: files
services: files
ethers: files
rpc: files

# End /etc/nsswitch.conf
EOF

tar -xf ../../tzdata2025a.tar.gz
ZONEINFO=/usr/share/zoneinfo
mkdir -pv $ZONEINFO/{posix,right}

for tz in etcetera southamerica northamerica europe africa antarctica  \
          asia australasia backward; do
    zic -L /dev/null   -d $ZONEINFO       ${tz}
    zic -L /dev/null   -d $ZONEINFO/posix ${tz}
    zic -L leapseconds -d $ZONEINFO/right ${tz}
done

cp -v zone.tab zone1970.tab iso3166.tab $ZONEINFO
zic -d $ZONEINFO -p Asia/Shanghai
unset ZONEINFO tz

cat > /etc/ld.so.conf << "EOF"
# Begin /etc/ld.so.conf
/usr/local/lib
/opt/lib

EOF

cat >> /etc/ld.so.conf << "EOF"
# Add an include directory
include /etc/ld.so.conf.d/*.conf

EOF
mkdir -pv /etc/ld.so.conf.d

Zlib-1.3.1

tar xvf zlib-1.3.1.tar.gz
cd zlib-1.3.1
./configure --prefix=/usr
make
make check
make install
rm -fv /usr/lib/libz.a

Bzip2-1.0.8

tar xvf bzip2-1.0.8.tar.gz
cd bzip2-1.0.8
patch -Np1 -i ../bzip2-1.0.8-install_docs-1.patch
sed -i 's@\(ln -s -f \)$(PREFIX)/bin/@\1@' Makefile
sed -i "s@(PREFIX)/man@(PREFIX)/share/man@g" Makefile
make -f Makefile-libbz2_so
make clean
make
make PREFIX=/usr install
cp -av libbz2.so.* /usr/lib
ln -sv libbz2.so.1.0.8 /usr/lib/libbz2.so
cp -v bzip2-shared /usr/bin/bzip2
for i in /usr/bin/{bzcat,bunzip2}; do
  ln -sfv bzip2 $i
done
rm -fv /usr/lib/libbz2.a

Xz-5.6.4

tar xvf xz-5.6.4.tar.xz 
cd xz-5.6.4
./configure --prefix=/usr    \
            --disable-static \
            --docdir=/usr/share/doc/xz-5.6.4
make
make install

Lz4-1.10.0

tar xvf lz4-1.10.0.tar.gz
cd lz4-1.10.0
make BUILD_STATIC=no PREFIX=/usr
make BUILD_STATIC=no PREFIX=/usr install

Zstd-1.5.7

tar xvf zstd-1.5.7.tar.gz
cd zstd-1.5.7
make prefix=/usr
make prefix=/usr install
rm -v /usr/lib/libzstd.a

File-5.46

tar xvf file-5.46.tar.gz
cd file-5.46
./configure --prefix=/usr
make
make install

Readline-8.2.13

tar xvf readline-8.2.13.tar.gz
cd readline-8.2.13
sed -i '/MV.*old/d' Makefile.in
sed -i '/{OLDSUFF}/c:' support/shlib-install
sed -i 's/-Wl,-rpath,[^ ]*//' support/shobj-conf
./configure --prefix=/usr    \
            --disable-static \
            --with-curses    \
            --docdir=/usr/share/doc/readline-8.2.13
make SHLIB_LIBS="-lncursesw"
make install
install -v -m644 doc/*.{ps,pdf,html,dvi} /usr/share/doc/readline-8.2.13

M4-1.4.19

tar xvf m4-1.4.19.tar.xz
cd m4-1.4.19
./configure --prefix=/usr
make
make install

Bc-7.0.3

tar xvf bc-7.0.3.tar.xz
cd bc-7.0.3
CC=gcc ./configure --prefix=/usr -G -O3 -r
make
make install

Flex-2.6.4

tar xvf flex-2.6.4.tar.gz
cd flex-2.6.4
./configure --prefix=/usr \
            --docdir=/usr/share/doc/flex-2.6.4 \
            --disable-static
make
make install
ln -sv flex   /usr/bin/lex
ln -sv flex.1 /usr/share/man/man1/lex.1

Tcl-8.6.16

tar xvf tcl8.6.16-src.tar.gz
cd tcl-8.6.16
SRCDIR=$(pwd)
cd unix
./configure --prefix=/usr           \
            --mandir=/usr/share/man \
            --disable-rpath
make
sed -e "s|$SRCDIR/unix|/usr/lib|" \
    -e "s|$SRCDIR|/usr/include|"  \
    -i tclConfig.sh

sed -e "s|$SRCDIR/unix/pkgs/tdbc1.1.10|/usr/lib/tdbc1.1.10|" \
    -e "s|$SRCDIR/pkgs/tdbc1.1.10/generic|/usr/include|"    \
    -e "s|$SRCDIR/pkgs/tdbc1.1.10/library|/usr/lib/tcl8.6|" \
    -e "s|$SRCDIR/pkgs/tdbc1.1.10|/usr/include|"            \
    -i pkgs/tdbc1.1.10/tdbcConfig.sh

sed -e "s|$SRCDIR/unix/pkgs/itcl4.3.2|/usr/lib/itcl4.3.2|" \
    -e "s|$SRCDIR/pkgs/itcl4.3.2/generic|/usr/include|"    \
    -e "s|$SRCDIR/pkgs/itcl4.3.2|/usr/include|"            \
    -i pkgs/itcl4.3.2/itclConfig.sh

unset SRCDIR
make install
chmod -v u+w /usr/lib/libtcl8.6.so
make install-private-headers
ln -sfv tclsh8.6 /usr/bin/tclsh
mv /usr/share/man/man3/{Thread,Tcl_Thread}.3

Expect-5.45.4

tar xvf expect5.45.4.tar.gz
cd expect5.45.4
python3 -c 'from pty import spawn; spawn(["echo", "ok"])'
patch -Np1 -i ../expect-5.45.4-gcc14-1.patch
./configure --prefix=/usr           \
            --with-tcl=/usr/lib     \
            --enable-shared         \
            --disable-rpath         \
            --mandir=/usr/share/man \
            --with-tclinclude=/usr/include
make
make install
ln -svf expect5.45.4/libexpect5.45.4.so /usr/lib

DejaGNU-1.6.3

tar xvf dejagnu-1.6.3.tar.gz
cd dejagnu-1.6.3
mkdir -v build
cd       build
../configure --prefix=/usr
makeinfo --html --no-split -o doc/dejagnu.html ../doc/dejagnu.texi
makeinfo --plaintext       -o doc/dejagnu.txt  ../doc/dejagnu.texi
make install
install -v -dm755  /usr/share/doc/dejagnu-1.6.3
install -v -m644   doc/dejagnu.{html,txt} /usr/share/doc/dejagnu-1.6.3

Pkgconf-2.3.0

tar xvf pkgconf-2.3.0.tar.xz
cd pkgconf-2.3.0
./configure --prefix=/usr              \
            --disable-static           \
            --docdir=/usr/share/doc/pkgconf-2.3.0
make
make install
ln -sv pkgconf   /usr/bin/pkg-config
ln -sv pkgconf.1 /usr/share/man/man1/pkg-config.1

Binutils-2.44

tar xvf binutils-2.44.tar.xz
cd Binutils-2.44
mkdir -v build
cd       build
../configure --prefix=/usr       \
             --sysconfdir=/etc   \
             --enable-ld=default \
             --enable-plugins    \
             --enable-shared     \
             --disable-werror    \
             --enable-64-bit-bfd \
             --enable-new-dtags  \
             --with-system-zlib  \
             --enable-default-hash-style=gnu
make tooldir=/usr
make tooldir=/usr install
rm -rfv /usr/lib/lib{bfd,ctf,ctf-nobfd,gprofng,opcodes,sframe}.a \
        /usr/share/doc/gprofng/

GMP-6.3.0

tar xvf gmp-6.3.0.tar.xz
cd gmp-6.3.0
./configure --prefix=/usr    \
            --enable-cxx     \
            --disable-static \
            --docdir=/usr/share/doc/gmp-6.3.0
make
make html
make install
make install-html

MPFR-4.2.1

tar xvf mpfr-4.2.1.tar.xz
cd mpfr-4.2.1
./configure --prefix=/usr        \
            --disable-static     \
            --enable-thread-safe \
            --docdir=/usr/share/doc/mpfr-4.2.1
make
make html
make install
make install-html

MPC-1.3.1

tar xvf mpc-1.3.1.tar.gz
cd mpc-1.3.1
./configure --prefix=/usr    \
            --disable-static \
            --docdir=/usr/share/doc/mpc-1.3.1
make
make html
make install
make install-html

Attr-2.5.2

tar xvf attr-2.5.2.tar.gz
cd attr-2.5.2
./configure --prefix=/usr     \
            --disable-static  \
            --sysconfdir=/etc \
            --docdir=/usr/share/doc/attr-2.5.2
make
make install

Acl-2.3.2

tar xvf acl-2.3.2.tar.xz
cd acl-2.3.2
./configure --prefix=/usr         \
            --disable-static      \
            --docdir=/usr/share/doc/acl-2.3.2
make 
make install

Libcap-2.73

tar xvf libcap-2.73.tar.xz
cd libcap-2.73
sed -i '/install -m.*STA/d' libcap/Makefile
make prefix=/usr lib=lib
make prefix=/usr lib=lib install

Libxcrypt-4.4.38

tar xvf libxcrypt-4.4.38.tar.xz
cd libxcrypt-4.4.38
./configure --prefix=/usr                \
            --enable-hashes=strong,glibc \
            --enable-obsolete-api=no     \
            --disable-static             \
            --disable-failure-tokens
make
make install

Shadow-4.17.3

tar xvf shadow-4.17.3.tar.xz
cd shadow-4.17.3
sed -i 's/groups$(EXEEXT) //' src/Makefile.in
find man -name Makefile.in -exec sed -i 's/groups\.1 / /'   {} \;
find man -name Makefile.in -exec sed -i 's/getspnam\.3 / /' {} \;
find man -name Makefile.in -exec sed -i 's/passwd\.5 / /'   {} \;
sed -e 's:#ENCRYPT_METHOD DES:ENCRYPT_METHOD YESCRYPT:' \
    -e 's:/var/spool/mail:/var/mail:'                   \
    -e '/PATH=/{s@/sbin:@@;s@/bin:@@}'                  \
    -i etc/login.defs
touch /usr/bin/passwd
./configure --sysconfdir=/etc   \
            --disable-static    \
            --with-{b,yes}crypt \
            --without-libbsd    \
            --with-group-name-max-length=32
make
make exec_prefix=/usr install
make -C man install-man
pwconv
grpconv
mkdir -p /etc/default
useradd -D --gid 999
passwd root

GCC-14.2.0

tar xvf gcc-14.2.0.tar.xz
cd gcc-14.2.0
case $(uname -m) in
  x86_64)
    sed -e '/m64=/s/lib64/lib/' \
        -i.orig gcc/config/i386/t-linux64
  ;;
esac
mkdir -v build
cd       build
../configure --prefix=/usr            \
             LD=ld                    \
             --enable-languages=c,c++ \
             --enable-default-pie     \
             --enable-default-ssp     \
             --enable-host-pie        \
             --disable-multilib       \
             --disable-bootstrap      \
             --disable-fixincludes    \
             --with-system-zlib
make
make install
ln -svr /usr/bin/cpp /usr/lib
ln -sv gcc.1 /usr/share/man/man1/cc.1
ln -sfv ../../libexec/gcc/$(gcc -dumpmachine)/14.2.0/liblto_plugin.so \
        /usr/lib/bfd-plugins/

echo 'int main(){}' > dummy.c
cc dummy.c -v -Wl,--verbose &> dummy.log
readelf -l a.out | grep ': /lib'

grep -B4 '^ /usr/include' dummy.log
grep -E -o '/usr/lib.*/S?crt[1in].*succeeded' dummy.log
grep 'SEARCH.*/usr/lib' dummy.log |sed 's|; |\n|g'
grep "/lib.*/libc.so.6 " dummy.log
grep found dummy.log
rm -v dummy.c a.out dummy.log
mkdir -pv /usr/share/gdb/auto-load/usr/lib
mv -v /usr/lib/*gdb.py /usr/share/gdb/auto-load/usr/lib

虚拟的现实 > 4014-LFS 自定义 Linux（上） > image-2025-5-7_9-36-22.png

Ncurses-6.5

tar xvf ncurses-6.5.tar.gz
cd ncurses-6.5
./configure --prefix=/usr           \
            --mandir=/usr/share/man \
            --with-shared           \
            --without-debug         \
            --without-normal        \
            --with-cxx-shared       \
            --enable-pc-files       \
            --with-pkg-config-libdir=/usr/lib/pkgconfig
make
make DESTDIR=$PWD/dest install
install -vm755 dest/usr/lib/libncursesw.so.6.5 /usr/lib
rm -v  dest/usr/lib/libncursesw.so.6.5
sed -e 's/^#if.*XOPEN.*$/#if 1/' \
    -i dest/usr/include/curses.h
cp -av dest/* /
for lib in ncurses form panel menu ; do
    ln -sfv lib${lib}w.so /usr/lib/lib${lib}.so
    ln -sfv ${lib}w.pc    /usr/lib/pkgconfig/${lib}.pc
done
ln -sfv libncursesw.so /usr/lib/libcurses.so

Sed-4.9

tar xvf sed-4.9.tar.xz
cd sed-4.9
./configure --prefix=/usr
make
make html
make install
install -d -m755           /usr/share/doc/sed-4.9
install -m644 doc/sed.html /usr/share/doc/sed-4.9

Psmisc-23.7

tar xvf psmisc-23.7.tar.xz
cd psmisc-23.7
./configure --prefix=/usr
make
make install

Gettext-0.24

tar xvf gettext-0.24.tar.xz
cd gettext-0.24
./configure --prefix=/usr    \
            --disable-static \
            --docdir=/usr/share/doc/gettext-0.24
make
make install
chmod -v 0755 /usr/lib/preloadable_libintl.so

Bison-3.8.2

tar xvf bison-3.8.2.tar.xz
cd bison-3.8.2
./configure --prefix=/usr --docdir=/usr/share/doc/bison-3.8.2
make
make install

Grep-3.11

tar xvf grep-3.11.tar.xz 
cd grep-3.11
sed -i "s/echo/#echo/" src/egrep.sh
./configure --prefix=/usr
make
make install

Bash-5.2.37

tar xvf bash-5.2.37.tar.gz
cd bash-5.2.37
./configure --prefix=/usr             \
            --without-bash-malloc     \
            --with-installed-readline \
            --docdir=/usr/share/doc/bash-5.2.37
make
make install
exec /usr/bin/bash --login

Libtool-2.5.4

tar xvf libtool-2.5.4.tar.xz 
cd libtool-2.5.4
./configure --prefix=/usr
make
make install
rm -fv /usr/lib/libltdl.a

GDBM-1.24

tar xvf gdbm-1.24.tar.gz
cd gdbm-1.24
./configure --prefix=/usr    \
            --disable-static \
            --enable-libgdbm-compat
make
make install

Gperf-3.1

tar xvf gperf-3.1.tar.gz
cd gperf-3.1
./configure --prefix=/usr --docdir=/usr/share/doc/gperf-3.1
make
make install

Expat-2.6.4

tar xvf expat-2.6.4.tar.xz 
cd expat-2.6.4
./configure --prefix=/usr    \
            --disable-static \
            --docdir=/usr/share/doc/expat-2.6.4
make
make install
install -v -m644 doc/*.{html,css} /usr/share/doc/expat-2.6.4

Inetutils-2.6

tar xvf inetutils-2.6.tar.xz 
cd inetutils-2.6
sed -i 's/def HAVE_TERMCAP_TGETENT/ 1/' telnet/telnet.c
./configure --prefix=/usr        \
            --bindir=/usr/bin    \
            --localstatedir=/var \
            --disable-logger     \
            --disable-whois      \
            --disable-rcp        \
            --disable-rexec      \
            --disable-rlogin     \
            --disable-rsh        \
            --disable-servers
make
make install
mv -v /usr/{,s}bin/ifconfig

Less-668

tar xvf less-668.tar.gz
cd less-668
./configure --prefix=/usr --sysconfdir=/etc
make
make install

Perl-5.40.1

tar xvf perl-5.40.1.tar.xz
cd perl-5.40.1
export BUILD_ZLIB=False
export BUILD_BZIP2=0
sh Configure -des                                          \
             -D prefix=/usr                                \
             -D vendorprefix=/usr                          \
             -D privlib=/usr/lib/perl5/5.40/core_perl      \
             -D archlib=/usr/lib/perl5/5.40/core_perl      \
             -D sitelib=/usr/lib/perl5/5.40/site_perl      \
             -D sitearch=/usr/lib/perl5/5.40/site_perl     \
             -D vendorlib=/usr/lib/perl5/5.40/vendor_perl  \
             -D vendorarch=/usr/lib/perl5/5.40/vendor_perl \
             -D man1dir=/usr/share/man/man1                \
             -D man3dir=/usr/share/man/man3                \
             -D pager="/usr/bin/less -isR"                 \
             -D useshrplib                                 \
             -D usethreads
make
make install
unset BUILD_ZLIB BUILD_BZIP2

XML::Parser-2.47

tar xvf XML-Parser-2.47.tar.gz
cd XML-Parser-2.47
perl Makefile.PL
make
make install

Intltool-0.51.0

tar xvf intltool-0.51.0.tar.gz 
cd intltool-0.51.0
sed -i 's:\\\${:\\\$\\{:' intltool-update.in
./configure --prefix=/usr
make
make install
install -v -Dm644 doc/I18N-HOWTO /usr/share/doc/intltool-0.51.0/I18N-HOWTO

Autoconf-2.72

tar xvf autoconf-2.72.tar.xz
cd autoconf-2.72
./configure --prefix=/usr
make
make install

Automake-1.17

tar xvf automake-1.17.tar.xz
cd automake-1.17
./configure --prefix=/usr --docdir=/usr/share/doc/automake-1.17
make
make install

OpenSSL-3.4.1

tar xvf openssl-3.4.1.tar.gz
cd openssl-3.4.1
./config --prefix=/usr         \
         --openssldir=/etc/ssl \
         --libdir=lib          \
         shared                \
         zlib-dynamic
make
sed -i '/INSTALL_LIBS/s/libcrypto.a libssl.a//' Makefile
make MANSUFFIX=ssl install
mv -v /usr/share/doc/openssl /usr/share/doc/openssl-3.4.1

Elfutils-0.192 中的 Libelf

Libelf 是 elfutils-0.192 软件包的一部分。请使用 elfutils-0.192.tar.bz2 作为源代码包。

tar jxvf elfutils-0.192.tar.bz2
cd elfutils-0.192
./configure --prefix=/usr                \
            --disable-debuginfod         \
            --enable-libdebuginfod=dummy
make
make -C libelf install
install -vm644 config/libelf.pc /usr/lib/pkgconfig
rm /usr/lib/libelf.a

Libffi-3.4.7

tar xvf libffi-3.4.7.tar.gz 
cd libffi-3.4.7
./configure --prefix=/usr          \
            --disable-static       \
            --with-gcc-arch=native
make
make install

Python-3.13.2

tar xvf Python-3.13.2.tar.xz
cd Python-3.13.2
./configure --prefix=/usr        \
            --enable-shared      \
            --with-system-expat  \
            --enable-optimizations
make
make install
cat > /etc/pip.conf << EOF
[global]
root-user-action = ignore
disable-pip-version-check = true
EOF

Flit-Core-3.11.0

tar xvf flit_core-3.11.0.tar.gz
cd flit_core-3.11.0
pip3 wheel -w dist --no-cache-dir --no-build-isolation --no-deps $PWD
pip3 install --no-index --find-links dist flit_core

Wheel-0.45.1

tar xvf wheel-0.45.1.tar.gz
cd wheel-0.45.1
pip3 wheel -w dist --no-cache-dir --no-build-isolation --no-deps $PWD
pip3 install --no-index --find-links dist wheel

Setuptools-75.8.1

tar xvf setuptools-75.8.1.tar.gz
cd setuptools-75.8.1
pip3 wheel -w dist --no-cache-dir --no-build-isolation --no-deps $PWD
pip3 install --no-index --find-links dist setuptools

Ninja-1.12.1

tar xvf ninja-1.12.1.tar.gz
cd ninja-1.12.1
export NINJAJOBS=4
sed -i '/int Guess/a \
  int   j = 0;\
  char* jobs = getenv( "NINJAJOBS" );\
  if ( jobs != NULL ) j = atoi( jobs );\
  if ( j > 0 ) return j;\
' src/ninja.cc
python3 configure.py --bootstrap --verbose
install -vm755 ninja /usr/bin/
install -vDm644 misc/bash-completion /usr/share/bash-completion/completions/ninja
install -vDm644 misc/zsh-completion  /usr/share/zsh/site-functions/_ninja

Meson-1.7.0

tar xvf meson-1.7.0.tar.gz
cd meson-1.7.0
pip3 wheel -w dist --no-cache-dir --no-build-isolation --no-deps $PWD
pip3 install --no-index --find-links dist meson
install -vDm644 data/shell-completions/bash/meson /usr/share/bash-completion/completions/meson
install -vDm644 data/shell-completions/zsh/_meson /usr/share/zsh/site-functions/_meson

Kmod-34

tar xvf kmod-34.tar.xz
cd kmod-34
mkdir -p build
cd       build

meson setup --prefix=/usr ..    \
            --sbindir=/usr/sbin \
            --buildtype=release \
            -D manpages=false
ninja
ninja install

Coreutils-9.6

tar xvf coreutils-9.6.tar.xz
cd coreutils-9.6
patch -Np1 -i ../coreutils-9.6-i18n-1.patch
autoreconf -fv
automake -af
FORCE_UNSAFE_CONFIGURE=1 ./configure \
            --prefix=/usr            \
            --enable-no-install-program=kill,uptime
make
make install
mv -v /usr/bin/chroot /usr/sbin
mv -v /usr/share/man/man1/chroot.1 /usr/share/man/man8/chroot.8
sed -i 's/"1"/"8"/' /usr/share/man/man8/chroot.8

Check-0.15.2

tar xvf check-0.15.2.tar.gz
cd check-0.15.2
./configure --prefix=/usr --disable-static
make
make docdir=/usr/share/doc/check-0.15.2 install

Diffutils-3.11

tar xvf diffutils-3.11.tar.xz
cd diffutils-3.11
./configure --prefix=/usr
make
make install

Gawk-5.3.1

tar xvf gawk-5.3.1.tar.xz
cd gawk-5.3.1
sed -i 's/extras//' Makefile.in
./configure --prefix=/usr
make
rm -f /usr/bin/gawk-5.3.1
make install

Findutils-4.10.0

tar xvf findutils-4.10.0.tar.xz
cd findutils-4.10.0
./configure --prefix=/usr --localstatedir=/var/lib/locate
make
make install

Groff-1.23.0

tar xvf groff-1.23.0.tar.gz 
cd groff-1.23.0
PAGE=A4 ./configure --prefix=/usr
make
make install

GRUB-2.12

tar xvf grub-2.12.tar.xz
cd grub-2.12
echo depends bli part_gpt > grub-core/extra_deps.lst
./configure --prefix=/usr          \
            --sysconfdir=/etc      \
            --disable-efiemu       \
            --disable-werror
make
make install
mv -v /etc/bash_completion.d/grub /usr/share/bash-completion/completions

Gzip-1.13

tar xvf gzip-1.13.tar.xz
cd gzip-1.13
./configure --prefix=/usr
make
make install

IPRoute2-6.13.0

tar xvf iproute2-6.13.0.tar.xz
cd iproute2-6.13.0
sed -i /ARPD/d Makefile
rm -fv man/man8/arpd.8
make NETNS_RUN_DIR=/run/netns
make SBINDIR=/usr/sbin install

Kbd-2.7.1

tar xvf kbd-2.7.1.tar.xz 
cd kbd-2.7.1
patch -Np1 -i ../kbd-2.7.1-backspace-1.patch
sed -i '/RESIZECONS_PROGS=/s/yes/no/' configure
sed -i 's/resizecons.8 //' docs/man/man8/Makefile.in
./configure --prefix=/usr --disable-vlock
make
make install

Libpipeline-1.5.8

tar xvf libpipeline-1.5.8.tar.gz
cd libpipeline-1.5.8
./configure --prefix=/usr
make
make install

Make-4.4.1

tar xvf make-4.4.1.tar.gz
cd make-4.4.1
./configure --prefix=/usr
make
make install

Patch-2.7.6

tar xvf patch-2.7.6.tar.xz 
cd patch-2.7.6
./configure --prefix=/usr
make
make install

Tar-1.35

tar xvf tar-1.35.tar.xz
cd tar-1.35
FORCE_UNSAFE_CONFIGURE=1  \
./configure --prefix=/usr
make
make install
make -C doc install-html docdir=/usr/share/doc/tar-1.35

Texinfo-7.2

tar xvf texinfo-7.2.tar.xz
cd texinfo-7.2
./configure --prefix=/usr
make 
make install
make TEXMF=/usr/share/texmf install-tex
pushd /usr/share/info
  rm -v dir
  for f in *
    do install-info $f dir 2>/dev/null
  done
popd

Vim-9.1.1166

tar xvf vim-9.1.1166.tar.gz
cd vim-9.1.1166
echo '#define SYS_VIMRC_FILE "/etc/vimrc"' >> src/feature.h
./configure --prefix=/usr
make
make install
ln -sv vim /usr/bin/vi
for L in  /usr/share/man/{,*/}man1/vim.1; do
    ln -sv vim.1 $(dirname $L)/vi.1
done
ln -sv ../vim/vim91/doc /usr/share/doc/vim-9.1.1166
cat > /etc/vimrc << "EOF"
" Begin /etc/vimrc

" Ensure defaults are set before customizing settings, not after
source $VIMRUNTIME/defaults.vim
let skip_defaults_vim=1

set nocompatible
set backspace=2
set mouse=
syntax on
if (&term == "xterm") || (&term == "putty")
  set background=dark
endif

" End /etc/vimrc
EOF

MarkupSafe-3.0.2

tar xvf markupsafe-3.0.2.tar.gz
cd markupsafe-3.0.2
pip3 wheel -w dist --no-cache-dir --no-build-isolation --no-deps $PWD
pip3 install --no-index --find-links dist Markupsafe

Jinja2-3.1.5

tar xvf jinja2-3.1.5.tar.gz
cd jinja2-3.1.5
pip3 wheel -w dist --no-cache-dir --no-build-isolation --no-deps $PWD
pip3 install --no-index --find-links dist Jinja2

Systemd-257.3 中的 Udev

Udev 是 systemd-257.3 软件包的一部分。请使用 systemd-257.3.tar.xz 作为源代码包。

tar xvf systemd-257.3.tar.gz
cd systemd-257.3
sed -e 's/GROUP="render"/GROUP="video"/' \
    -e 's/GROUP="sgx", //'               \
    -i rules.d/50-udev-default.rules.in
sed -i '/systemd-sysctl/s/^/#/' rules.d/99-systemd.rules.in
sed -e '/NETWORK_DIRS/s/systemd/udev/' \
    -i src/libsystemd/sd-network/network-util.h
mkdir -p build
cd       build

meson setup ..                  \
      --prefix=/usr             \
      --buildtype=release       \
      -D mode=release           \
      -D dev-kvm-mode=0660      \
      -D link-udev-shared=false \
      -D logind=false           \
      -D vconsole=false
export udev_helpers=$(grep "'name' :" ../src/udev/meson.build | \
                      awk '{print $3}' | tr -d ",'" | grep -v 'udevadm')
ninja udevadm systemd-hwdb                                           \
      $(ninja -n | grep -Eo '(src/(lib)?udev|rules.d|hwdb.d)/[^ ]*') \
      $(realpath libudev.so --relative-to .)                         \
      $udev_helpers
install -vm755 -d {/usr/lib,/etc}/udev/{hwdb.d,rules.d,network}
install -vm755 -d /usr/{lib,share}/pkgconfig
install -vm755 udevadm                             /usr/bin/
install -vm755 systemd-hwdb                        /usr/bin/udev-hwdb
ln      -svfn  ../bin/udevadm                      /usr/sbin/udevd
cp      -av    libudev.so{,*[0-9]}                 /usr/lib/
install -vm644 ../src/libudev/libudev.h            /usr/include/
install -vm644 src/libudev/*.pc                    /usr/lib/pkgconfig/
install -vm644 src/udev/*.pc                       /usr/share/pkgconfig/
install -vm644 ../src/udev/udev.conf               /etc/udev/
install -vm644 rules.d/* ../rules.d/README         /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/
install -vm644 $(find ../rules.d/*.rules \
                      -not -name '*power-switch*') /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/
install -vm644 hwdb.d/*  ../hwdb.d/{*.hwdb,README} /usr/lib/udev/hwdb.d/
install -vm755 $udev_helpers                       /usr/lib/udev
install -vm644 ../network/99-default.link          /usr/lib/udev/network
tar -xvf ../../udev-lfs-20230818.tar.xz
make -f udev-lfs-20230818/Makefile.lfs install
unset udev_helpers
udev-hwdb update

Man-DB-2.13.0

tar xvf man-db-2.13.0.tar.xz
cd man-db-2.13.0
./configure --prefix=/usr                         \
            --docdir=/usr/share/doc/man-db-2.13.0 \
            --sysconfdir=/etc                     \
            --disable-setuid                      \
            --enable-cache-owner=bin              \
            --with-browser=/usr/bin/lynx          \
            --with-vgrind=/usr/bin/vgrind         \
            --with-grap=/usr/bin/grap             \
            --with-systemdtmpfilesdir=            \
            --with-systemdsystemunitdir=
make
make install

Procps-ng-4.0.5

tar xvf procps-ng-4.0.5.tar.xz
cd procps-ng-4.0.5
./configure --prefix=/usr                           \
            --docdir=/usr/share/doc/procps-ng-4.0.5 \
            --disable-static                        \
            --disable-kill                          \
            --enable-watch8bit
make
make install

Util-linux-2.40.4

tar xvf util-linux-2.40.4.tar.xz
cd util-linux-2.40.4
./configure --bindir=/usr/bin     \
            --libdir=/usr/lib     \
            --runstatedir=/run    \
            --sbindir=/usr/sbin   \
            --disable-chfn-chsh   \
            --disable-login       \
            --disable-nologin     \
            --disable-su          \
            --disable-setpriv     \
            --disable-runuser     \
            --disable-pylibmount  \
            --disable-liblastlog2 \
            --disable-static      \
            --without-python      \
            --without-systemd     \
            --without-systemdsystemunitdir        \
            ADJTIME_PATH=/var/lib/hwclock/adjtime \
            --docdir=/usr/share/doc/util-linux-2.40.4
make
make install

E2fsprogs-1.47.2

tar xvf e2fsprogs-1.47.2.tar.gz
cd e2fsprogs-1.47.2
mkdir -v build
cd       build
../configure --prefix=/usr           \
             --sysconfdir=/etc       \
             --enable-elf-shlibs     \
             --disable-libblkid      \
             --disable-libuuid       \
             --disable-uuidd         \
             --disable-fsck
make
make install
rm -fv /usr/lib/{libcom_err,libe2p,libext2fs,libss}.a
gunzip -v /usr/share/info/libext2fs.info.gz
install-info --dir-file=/usr/share/info/dir /usr/share/info/libext2fs.info
sed 's/metadata_csum_seed,//' -i /etc/mke2fs.conf

Sysklogd-2.7.0

tar xvf sysklogd-2.7.0.tar.gz
cd sysklogd-2.7.0
./configure --prefix=/usr      \
            --sysconfdir=/etc  \
            --runstatedir=/run \
            --without-logger   \
            --disable-static   \
            --docdir=/usr/share/doc/sysklogd-2.7.0
make
make install
cat > /etc/syslog.conf << "EOF"
# Begin /etc/syslog.conf

auth,authpriv.* -/var/log/auth.log
*.*;auth,authpriv.none -/var/log/sys.log
daemon.* -/var/log/daemon.log
kern.* -/var/log/kern.log
mail.* -/var/log/mail.log
user.* -/var/log/user.log
*.emerg *

# Do not open any internet ports.
secure_mode 2

# End /etc/syslog.conf
EOF

SysVinit-3.14

tar xvf sysvinit-3.14.tar.xz
cd sysvinit-3.14
make
make install

移除调试符号（可选）

如果系统不是为程序员设计的，也没有调试系统软件的计划，可以通过从二进制程序和库移除调试符号和不必要的符号表项，将系统的体积减小约 2 GB。对于一般的 Linux 用户，这不会造成任何不便。

save_usrlib="$(cd /usr/lib; ls ld-linux*[^g])
             libc.so.6
             libthread_db.so.1
             libquadmath.so.0.0.0
             libstdc++.so.6.0.33
             libitm.so.1.0.0
             libatomic.so.1.2.0"

cd /usr/lib

for LIB in $save_usrlib; do
    objcopy --only-keep-debug --compress-debug-sections=zlib $LIB $LIB.dbg
    cp $LIB /tmp/$LIB
    strip --strip-unneeded /tmp/$LIB
    objcopy --add-gnu-debuglink=$LIB.dbg /tmp/$LIB
    install -vm755 /tmp/$LIB /usr/lib
    rm /tmp/$LIB
done

online_usrbin="bash find strip"
online_usrlib="libbfd-2.44.so
               libsframe.so.1.0.0
               libhistory.so.8.2
               libncursesw.so.6.5
               libm.so.6
               libreadline.so.8.2
               libz.so.1.3.1
               libzstd.so.1.5.7
               $(cd /usr/lib; find libnss*.so* -type f)"

for BIN in $online_usrbin; do
    cp /usr/bin/$BIN /tmp/$BIN
    strip --strip-unneeded /tmp/$BIN
    install -vm755 /tmp/$BIN /usr/bin
    rm /tmp/$BIN
done

for LIB in $online_usrlib; do
    cp /usr/lib/$LIB /tmp/$LIB
    strip --strip-unneeded /tmp/$LIB
    install -vm755 /tmp/$LIB /usr/lib
    rm /tmp/$LIB
done

for i in $(find /usr/lib -type f -name \*.so* ! -name \*dbg) \
         $(find /usr/lib -type f -name \*.a)                 \
         $(find /usr/{bin,sbin,libexec} -type f); do
    case "$online_usrbin $online_usrlib $save_usrlib" in
        *$(basename $i)* )
            ;;
        * ) strip --strip-unneeded $i
            ;;
    esac
done

unset BIN LIB save_usrlib online_usrbin online_usrlib

rm -rf /tmp/{*,.*}
find /usr/lib /usr/libexec -name \*.la -delete
find /usr -depth -name $(uname -m)-lfs-linux-gnu\* | xargs rm -rf